How biofeedback works is relatively easy to understand. Biofeedback devices measure physiological parameters and return this information to users in real time. This feedback can be provided in various ways, for example visually, acoustically, or tactilely. For example, a device could display its own heart rate on a screen or generate a sound that changes with the rhythm of the heartbeats.
In this way, users receive immediate feedback about their physical states and can react accordingly. Typical biofeedback training therefore starts with the measurement of physiological data. Sensors are attached to users' bodies to record muscle tension or skin temperature, for example. The measured data is reported back to users in real time. With this feedback, the user can develop and apply strategies to change physiological parameters. This can be done through breathing exercises, relaxation techniques, or other methods.
Accordingly, there are different types of biofeedback, depending on which physiological parameters are to be measured and reported back. Electromyography (EMG), for example, measures the electrical activity of muscles and helps to reduce muscle tension. Thermal biofeedback measures skin temperature, which changes with blood flow and is often used to manage stress. The galvanic skin reaction (GSR) measures the conductivity of the skin, which is influenced by the activity of sweat glands and is an indicator of emotional excitement.
Heart rate variability (HRV) measures the variation in time between heartbeats and is used to regulate the autonomic nervous system. Neurofeedback, another form of biofeedback, measures brainwave activity and is often used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other neurological disorders.
The individual variants of biofeedback result in a variety of possible applications. Biofeedback has thus been shown to be useful in treating stress and anxiety (Yucha & Montgomery, 2008). By improving body awareness and using relaxation techniques, biofeedback can help reduce stress and anxiety. Biofeedback can also be helpful for chronic pain by reducing muscle tension and thus relieving pain.
Particularly for migraines and headaches, studies show that biofeedback can reduce the frequency and intensity of seizures (Nestoriuc & Martin, 2007). Biofeedback can also have a supportive effect on high blood pressure by helping to lower blood pressure. Neurofeedback has also proven to be a promising method for improving attention and reducing symptoms in children with ADHD (Yucha & Montgomery, 2008).
Some physiotherapists are already using biofeedback to help patients rehabilitate after injuries or operations by helping them control their muscle tension and movement patterns. In relaxation and wellness centers, biofeedback is used as part of stress management programs to help visitors learn relaxation techniques and reduce their stress levels.
In addition, wearable biofeedback devices have become increasingly popular, allowing people to use the technology at home or on the go. Smartphones and smartwatches provide feedback on heart rate variability, breathing patterns, and skin conductance to help users manage their stress and improve their overall health.
In summary, biofeedback is a safe and non-invasive method that enables people to gain control over their physiological processes. When used correctly, biofeedback can potentially help manage stress, anxiety, pain, and a wide range of other health issues.
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Lea Stupan is a mental health consultant at mentalport and specializes in implementing risk assessments of psychological stress in medium-sized companies. As a certified business coach and expert in occupational health management, she supports HR teams in implementing them in accordance with the ArbSchG. Her expertise includes change management, raising awareness of psychological stress and the development of tailor-made prevention strategies to reduce presentism and absenteeism.
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